THEME 1
CULTURAL AWARENESS AND ADAPTATION
  • Starting a new life in a foreign country can feel overwhelming, but it also opens doors to exciting opportunities for growth, connection, and shared experiences. For Ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic, understanding and embracing the local culture is a meaningful step in the journey toward building a sense of belonging. The Czech people take pride in their rich traditions, history, and values, and through mutual respect and curiosity, Ukrainian refugees can not only integrate into this vibrant community but also bring their own unique cultural contributions. In this section, we will explore the warmth and diversity of Czech culture, how to navigate differences with ease, and how refugees can adapt while staying true to their own heritage. By fostering cultural awareness and openness, both refugees and locals can create a stronger, more inclusive society where everyone thrives.
OVERVIEW OF THE CZECH CULTURE, TRADITIONS, AND VALUES
Historical and Cultural Context
  • Geography and identity
    • Czechia, officially the Czech Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and Poland.
    • It has a population of around 10.7 million, with Prague as its capital and cultural hub.
    • Historically, it is a crossroads of various cultures due to its central location in Europe.
  • Historical milestones
    Austro-Hungarian Empire (1526–1918)
    Czech lands were integral to the empire, influencing architecture, cuisine, and governance.
  • First Czechoslovakia (1918)
    Formed after World War I, emphasizing self-determination and democracy.
  • World War II and Communism (1939–1989)
    Occupied by Nazis, then under Soviet influence; both eras left lasting impacts on society.
  • Velvet Revolution (1989)
    A peaceful movement that ended Communist rule, leading to democracy.
  • Modern Independence (1993)
    Peaceful separation from Slovakia, forming today’s Czech Republic.
Cultural icons and landmarks
Prague Castle
A symbol of Czech history, home to the Czech president.
Charles Bridge
An iconic Gothic bridge in Prague with historic statues.
Český Krumlov
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcasing medieval charm.
Karlovy Vary
A historic spa town, known for its mineral springs.
Core Czech Values
  • Freedom and democracy
    • Rooted in the Velvet Revolution, freedom is central to Czech identity.
    • The Czechs’ peaceful approach to change reflects their respect for dialogue and non-violence.
  • Equality and community
    • Egalitarianism is evident in social and workplace structures.
    • Community activities, such as local festivals and volunteering, are highly valued.
  • Environmental responsibility
    • Czechs are passionate about nature, with a high rate of recycling and protected green spaces.
    • National parks like České Švýcarsko and Šumava are sources of pride.
Traditions and Celebrations
https://www.ceskezvyky.cz/kategorie/ceske-zvyky/leto/

Czech traditions and celebrations are a vibrant reflection of the country’s rich history, cultural heritage, and enduring values. Rooted in centuries of shared experiences, these customs connect communities and offer a sense of identity and belonging. From festive holidays like Christmas and Easter to unique local traditions such as the Burning of the Witches, each celebration is infused with symbolism, creativity, and joy. Understanding these practices not only deepens appreciation for Czech culture but also fosters meaningful connections in a new environment.

Czech traditions are deeply rooted in the rhythms of nature, with each season marking distinct celebrations that reflect ancient pagan customs tied to the agricultural cycle. In spring, the Burning of the Witches (Čarodějnice) on April 30 symbolizes the banishment of winter and the arrival of new life, with bonfires and festive gatherings that celebrate renewal. During summer, midsummer celebrations and festivals are held to honor the longest days of the year, often involving feasts and dances around bonfires. Autumn is a time of harvest festivals, where communities gather to celebrate the bounty of the land with feasts, music, and rituals honoring the abundance of crops. Finally, in winter, Christmas (Vánoce) brings families together to observe customs like baking, decorating, and feasting, while the cold months are marked by quiet reflection and the welcoming of the new year. These seasonal traditions, rooted in the natural world, connect Czech culture to the cycle of life, reinforcing the importance of nature, community, and continuity.
SPRING
19th MARCH – ST. JOSEPH (Sv. JOSEF)

The Czech tradition dedicated to St. Joseph’s Day on March 19th has roots in both Catholic and folk customs, reflecting the significance of St. Joseph as a protector and provider. In Czech culture, this day was traditionally celebrated with reverence, particularly in rural areas, where St. Joseph was regarded as the patron saint of workers, families, and a peaceful death.
  • Religious observance
    Church services were held in honor of St. Joseph, with prayers asking for his intercession for family harmony, successful work, and the well-being of the household.
  • Folk customs
    • Farmers would bring tools or seeds to be blessed by the priest, seeking St. Joseph’s protection for the coming planting season.
    • Families perform small rituals at home, such as lighting candles and saying prayers together.
  • Community feasts and fairs
    • In some regions, feasts and community gatherings were organized, often involving traditional foods.
    • St. Joseph’s Rolls (Josefské rohlíčky), a type of sweet bread or pastry, were made to mark the occasion, symbolizing generosity and abundance.
    • In some regions, feasts and community gatherings were organized, often involving traditional foods. Musicians would go around to houses where someone named Josef lived, playing music in the courtyard while people danced. In almost every house in the village, there was at least one, and often several, generations of people named Josef.
  • End of winter celebrations
    St. Joseph’s Day coincided with the changing of seasons, often seen as the unofficial end of winter. This was a time to prepare for spring planting and to mark the transition from indoor, winter-focused tasks to outdoor labor.
EASTER (VELIKONOCE)
Preparation and symbols
  • The week leading up to Easter includes various traditional days, such as "Green Thursday" (Zelený čtvrtek), where green foods like spinach or nettle soup are consumed.
  • Colourful decorations, including painted eggs (kraslice), are prepared. Each design and colour carries symbolic meaning, such as love, health, or hope.
Pomlázka tradition
  • On Easter Monday, boys visit girls with braided willow rods (pomlázka) decorated with ribbons. They gently "whip" the girls, a playful ritual believed to bring vitality and fertility for the year.
  • Girls, in turn, reward the boys with kraslice (decorated eggs) or treats like chocolate eggs.
Special foods
  • Easter meals include lamb-shaped cakes (beránek) dusted with powdered sugar, Easter bread (mazanec) with raisins, and hearty soups.
  • Festive feasts symbolize renewal and the abundance of spring.
Religious observance
For those observing Christian traditions, Easter Sunday is marked by attending church services celebrating the resurrection of Christ.

30th APRIL - BURNING WITCHES (ČARODĚJNICE)

  • History point

    The Burning of the Witches, or Walpurgis Night, has origins in ancient pagan traditions celebrating the arrival of spring and driving away evil spirits.

  • Community events

    • Villages and towns organize gatherings with bonfires, music, and traditional food like sausages and beer.
    • Children and families participate in costume parades, with children often dressed as witches.

  • The Bonfire ritual

    • Effigies of witches made from straw and old clothing are burned on large pyres, symbolizing the end of winter and the banishment of negativity.
    • The bonfire is a communal activity, encouraging neighbors to come together and celebrate.

  • Symbolism

    • The fire represents purification and renewal, preparing the community for the coming of warmer months.
    • It’s a time for storytelling, singing, and enjoying the longer daylight hours of spring.

  • Modern interpretations

    • While rooted in folklore, today’s celebrations are often light-hearted and focused on community spirit.
    • Some festivals incorporate elements of environmental education, like tree planting or recycling drives, as a nod to the season's themes of renewal.
1st MAY (1. MÁJ)
May 1st in Czechia, known as May Day (První máj), is celebrated with a blend of traditions that reflect its cultural and historical significance. The day is associated with both ancient customs marking the arrival of spring and more modern influences, making it a unique holiday in the Czech calendar.
  • Day of love
    May 1st is widely regarded as a celebration of love, inspired by the famous 1836 poem "May" (Máj) by Czech poet Karel Hynek Mácha. This romantic holiday emphasizes declarations of love and affection between couples.
  • Kissing under a cherry tree
    A popular tradition involves couples kissing under a blooming cherry tree. According to folklore, this ensures love, beauty, and fertility for the coming year. If a woman is not kissed on this day, the legend says she may “wither” like a blossomless tree.
  • Spring and nature
    Celebration of Spring: The day is also a celebration of the beauty of spring, with its blossoming trees, vibrant flowers, and renewal of life. People often take walks in nature or visit parks to enjoy the season's beauty.
  • Maypoles (Májka)
    In some regions, especially rural areas, May Day involves erecting and decorating a maypole. Traditionally, young men from the village would guard the maypole overnight to prevent rivals from cutting it down, as part of playful competition between villages.
  • Labor day
    • May 1st also carries significance as International Workers’ Day, commemorating the labor movement. During the communist era in Czechoslovakia, it was marked with official parades and speeches celebrating workers’ contributions. While the political aspect has diminished, the day remains a public holiday.
SUMMER
23.6 St. JOHN (SVATOJÁNSKÁ NOC)
The celebration of St. John’s Day on June 23rd, also known as Midsummer’s Eve (Svatojánská noc) in Czech Republic, has deep roots in both Christian and pre-Christian traditions. This day is closely tied to the summer solstice and combines elements of pagan rituals and Christian customs honoring St. John the Baptist.

  • Bonfires and midsummer magic
    • One of the most prominent traditions was lighting large bonfires on hills or open fields. These fires symbolized protection against evil spirits and were thought to purify and bring blessings.
    • Young people, especially couples, would jump over the flames as a test of courage and a symbol of cleansing and vitality. It was believed that couples who successfully leaped together would have a strong and happy relationship.
  • Gathering magical herbs
    • On this night, it was believed that certain herbs, like St. John’s wort and fern, had magical properties. People gathered these herbs at dawn or midnight for use in healing, protection, and love spells.
    • According to legend, the mystical fern flower would bloom only on St. John’s Eve. Finding it was said to bring great fortune and the ability to understand animals and nature.
  • Water and dew rituals
    • Water sources, such as springs, rivers, or lakes, were thought to gain special powers on this night. People would bathe in them or sprinkle themselves with dew to ensure health and beauty.
    • Girls would make wreaths of flowers and float them down rivers, predicting their romantic future based on how the wreath floated or sank.
  • Social and community celebrations
    • Villages and towns would organize gatherings with feasting, dancing, and singing around the bonfires. These celebrations fostered community spirit and were particularly lively in rural areas.
    • Elders would share tales and legends, often about magical creatures or past St. John’s Night adventures, adding an air of mystery to the event.
23.7. St. ANNA (SV. ANNA)
St. Anna’s Day, celebrated on July 26th (not July 23rd), has traditionally been a significant day in Czech culture, especially in rural areas. St. Anna, the mother of the Virgin Mary, is the patron saint of mothers, women in labor, and miners. Her feast day is associated with a mix of Christian traditions and folk customs, reflecting the agricultural lifestyle of past centuries.
  • Religious observances
    St. Anna’s Day was marked by special masses and prayers in churches, particularly in villages where St. Anna was a patron saint. People prayed for her intercession, especially for fertility, safe childbirth, and family well-being.
  • Folk customs and agricultural ties
    • St. Anna’s Day was traditionally seen as a marker of the agricultural calendar, indicating the approach of harvest time. The saying "Svatá Anna, chladna zrána" (St. Anna, chilly mornings) reflected the changing weather as summer began to wane.
    • Farmers would often bless their fields and pray for a bountiful harvest. It was a time of reflection and preparation for the hard work of reaping crops.
  • Social and community gatherings
    • In some regions, village fairs or local festivals were organized around St. Anna’s Day. These events featured traditional music, dancing, and feasting.
    • Since Anna is a common name in Czechia, the day was also an opportunity to celebrate the name day (svátek) of women named Anna. Families and friends would visit, bringing flowers or small gifts, and communal gatherings often took place.
  • Mining traditions
    In mining regions, such as those in Bohemia, St. Anna’s Day held particular importance. Miners would attend special masses asking for her protection and guidance. Celebrations often included processions and community feasts.
  • Seasonal and nature-based customs
    • As St. Anna’s Day coincided with the transition from high summer to early autumn, it became associated with weather predictions. Chilly mornings and shorter days were thought to signal the beginning of the harvest season.
    • It was also a time when certain fruits, like early apples, began to ripen. St. Anna’s Day symbolized the readiness of nature for the harvest.
AUTUMN
VINTAGE CELEBRATIONS (VINOBRANÍ)
Vintage celebrations in Czechia, known as "vinobraní", are vibrant festivals dedicated to the grape harvest and winemaking traditions. These events are deeply rooted in the culture of wine-growing regions, particularly in Moravia, the heart of Czech wine production, as well as some areas in Bohemia. Typically held in September or early October, vinobraní marks the end of the grape harvest and celebrates the fruits of the vineyard with joy, tradition, and community.

Traditional grape harvesting
  • The grape harvest itself is a significant communal event, where workers pick grapes by hand, often accompanied by singing and storytelling.
  • Care and respect for the vines are central to the process, reflecting the centuries-old connection between the land and its people.

Festive parades and historical reenactments
  • Many vinobraní celebrations include colorful parades with participants dressed in traditional folk costumes, carrying baskets of grapes and wine barrels.
  • Some festivals feature reenactments of historical events, like the story of King Wenceslas IV, who is associated with Czech winemaking traditions.

Wine tasting and culinary delights
  • A highlight of vinobraní is the tasting of burčák, a partially fermented, sweet, and fizzy young wine. It is a seasonal delicacy and a symbol of the harvest.
  • Celebrations feature tastings of regional wines, showcasing the diversity of Czech winemaking.
  • Stalls offer regional specialties such as grilled sausages, roast pork, potato pancakes (bramboráky), and koláče (sweet pastries).

Folk music and dancing
  • Folk bands and traditional musicians provide lively entertainment, often playing Czech folk songs that celebrate rural life and winemaking.
  • Performers in folk costumes showcase traditional dances, and attendees are encouraged to join in.

Religious and spiritual elements
  • In some regions, a priest blesses the grapes and wine as part of the celebration, connecting the event to the church's tradition of thanksgiving for the harvest.

Regional highlights
  • Znojmo Vinobraní: One of the largest and most famous vintage festivals in Moravia, it features a grand parade, historical reenactments, and extensive wine tastings.
  • Mělník Vinobraní: A prominent festival in Bohemia that includes cultural performances, a fair, and opportunities to explore local wines.

Symbolism and community spirit
  • Vinobraní is not just a celebration of wine but also of the land’s fertility and the hard work of winemakers.
  • These festivals foster a sense of togetherness, where locals and visitors alike come together to honor a shared heritage.
28.10. (DEN VZNIKU ČESKOSLOVENSKA)
The 28th of October, marking the Day of Czech Independence, commemorates the founding of Czechoslovakia in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This national holiday is celebrated with both formal ceremonies and cultural events that honor the country’s history, independence, and resilience.
Formal state ceremonies
  • Officials and citizens gather at significant sites, such as the National Monument on Vítkov Hill in Prague, to lay wreaths and pay tribute to those who contributed to the country’s independence.

State awards and honors
  • The President of the Czech Republic awards state honors, such as the Order of the White Lion, to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to Czech society.

Museum exhibits and educational activities
  • Museums across the country often host special exhibitions focused on the founding of Czechoslovakia, featuring artifacts, photographs, and documents from the era.
  • Educational programs explore topics like the political and cultural climate of 1918 and the contributions of figures such as Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first President of Czechoslovakia.
2.11 ALL SOUL´S DAY (DUŠIČKY)

2nd November, known as All Souls’ Day (Dušičky) in the Czech Republic, is a day dedicated to remembering and honoring deceased loved ones. The traditions and customs observed on this day reflect a blend of Christian beliefs and older pagan practices, emphasizing reverence, reflection, and connection to family and community.

Visiting cemeteries
  • Families visit the graves of their relatives and ancestors to clean and decorate them.
  • Candles are lit and placed on graves, symbolizing the light of remembrance and hope for eternal life.
  • Chrysanthemums and other seasonal flowers are commonly used to adorn the graves, along with wreaths made of evergreen branches.

Special church services
  • Churches hold special services and prayers for the souls of the deceased. These ceremonies often include the reading of names of the departed and communal prayers for their peace.

Symbolism and spiritual beliefs
  • The flickering of candles in cemeteries is believed to guide the souls of the departed, connecting them to the living.
  • In Christian tradition, prayers are offered for those in purgatory, helping their souls find peace.

Traditional foods
  • While All Souls’ Day is not primarily a feasting holiday, some families may prepare traditional dishes such as koláče - sweet pastries served as a reminder of community and shared heritage.
11.11 (SV. MARTIN)
St. Martin's Day (11th November), known as Svatý Martin in the Czech Republic, is a saint who is famous for his kindness and generosity. In Czech tradition, this day is celebrated with a blend of cultural, agricultural, and culinary practices that herald the transition from autumn to winter. The customs surrounding St. Martin's Day reflect both Christian and older folk traditions, and the day is often seen as the beginning of the winter season.
St. Martin’s Goose (Svatomartinská husa)
  • A central tradition of St. Martin's Day is the roast goose dinner, often served with sauerkraut and potato dumplings. The goose is traditionally associated with St. Martin, as a legend claims that he hid from being made a bishop and was discovered by geese that honked loudly.
  • The tradition of eating goose is closely tied to the new wine season. The first wine of the year, known as Svatomartinské víno (St. Martin’s wine), is traditionally released on this day. It is a fresh, young wine made from this year’s harvest, and it is celebrated with tastings across the country.

St. Martin’s wine (Svatomartinské víno)
  • St. Martin's Day marks the release of young wine that has been freshly pressed from this year’s grape harvest. Special tastings of Svatomartinské víno are held in wine regions, particularly in Moravia, where vineyards are abundant.
  • In wine-growing areas, particularly in towns like Mikulov, Znojmo, and Brno, wine festivals are held to celebrate the arrival of new wine. People gather for tastings, to buy bottles, and to enjoy music and folk performances.

Processions and parades
  • Some regions, especially in Moravia, host St. Martin’s Day processions featuring people dressed as St. Martin (often on horseback). This reflects the story of St. Martin, who was known for his charity and compassion, including his legendary act of cutting his cloak in half to share with a beggar.
  • In some places, especially in the cities, children participate in lantern parades to mark the event. These parades often occur in the evening, with kids walking through the streets carrying brightly colored lanterns.

Seasonal foods and treats
  • In addition to roast goose, the meal often includes Svatomartinská huspenina (a type of jellied meat dish), cabbage dishes, and hearty autumn fare that reflects the harvest season.
  • Special baked goods such as Svatomartinské koláče (sweet pastries) and rohlíky (bread rolls) are also associated with the holiday, symbolizing the abundance of harvest.

Preparing for winter
  • St. Martin’s Day is seen as a signal that the harvest season is over, and preparations for the colder months begin. People start thinking about storing food, winter clothing, and securing their homes against the coming frost.

Folk traditions
  • In folk tradition, St. Martin’s Day is considered the official start of winter. A saying in the Czech Republic goes: "Svatý Martin na bílém koni" ("St. Martin on a white horse"), which refers to the belief that if the weather is cold enough, snow may arrive on this day, and St. Martin is imagined riding a white horse through the land.
  • People used to believe that the weather on St. Martin’s Day could predict the coming of winter. If there was snow, it was said that winter would be harsh; if it was warm and sunny, a mild winter was expected.
WINTER
ADVENT SEASON (ADVENT)
Advent is a significant period in the Czech Republic, marking the four weeks leading up to Christmas, starting on the fourth Sunday before Christmas and culminating on Christmas Eve (24th December). Advent is a time of anticipation, reflection, and preparation, and several traditions are observed during this period. These customs have deep roots in both religious and folk traditions, blending Czech Christian practices with seasonal festivities.

Advent Wreath (Adventní věnec)
  • One of the most important Advent symbols is the Advent wreath. It is made of evergreen branches and features four candles, each representing one of the four Sundays of Advent. Every Sunday, one more candle is lit, and families often gather to pray or reflect on the meaning of Advent.
  • The lighting of the candles is accompanied by special prayers or hymns. Traditionally, the first candle is purple (symbolizing hope), the second is purple (symbolizing peace), the third is pink (symbolizing joy), and the fourth is purple again (symbolizing love). In some cases, the candles are also white.

Advent Markets (Adventní trhy)
  • Advent markets are a prominent feature in Czech cities, especially in Prague, Brno, and other major towns. These markets open at the beginning of Advent and feature Christmas decorations, handmade crafts, traditional Czech foods, and warm drinks like svařák (mulled wine). The markets create a festive atmosphere where locals and visitors can buy gifts, decorations, and treats.
  • Market stalls sell Christmas ornaments, candles, wooden toys, and gingerbread cookies. Svíčková (marinated beef with creamy sauce), trdelník (a sweet pastry), and koláče (traditional pastries) are often enjoyed at these markets.

Advent Fairs and Fasting (Adventní půst)
  • Traditionally, Advent was a time of fasting and penance in the Catholic Church, and many people refrained from eating certain foods, especially meat, leading up to Christmas. This was done to spiritually prepare for the coming of Christ. Today, this fasting tradition is not as strictly observed, but some still maintain a simplified diet or focus on acts of charity.
  • In some regions, there are special Advent fairs, often held on weekends, where local artisans display their work, and traditional Czech crafts, such as ceramics, knitted goods, and wooden items, are sold.
4.12 (SV. BARBORA)
St. Barbara’s Day (Svátek svaté Barbory), celebrated on December 4th, is a traditional holiday in the Czech Republic with several customs, especially associated with wheat sprouting and symbolic celebrations. It marks the feast of St. Barbara, the patron saint of miners, builders, and those working in dangerous professions, but over time, the day has been connected to pre-Christmas traditions and agricultural customs.
Wheat sprouting (Barborka)
  • One of the most popular traditions associated with St. Barbara's Day is the sprouting of wheat. On December 4th, people plant wheat grains (often in a small pot) in moist cotton wool or soil. By Christmas, the wheat usually grows to a height of several centimeters, and the green shoots symbolize hope, health, and prosperity for the coming year.
  • The wheat shoots are often placed in homes, and they are meant to bring good fortune and prosperity. Families might use barley or other grains in the same way. The sprouting of wheat is a symbolic way to bring the winter season to life and to mark the approach of Christmas.

Barbara's branch (Barborky)
  • Another well-known St. Barbara's Day custom is the cutting of twigs from fruit trees (usually cherry, apple, or plum) on December 4th. These twigs are placed in water, where they are expected to bloom by Christmas Eve.
  • If the twigs bloom by Christmas, it is considered a sign of good luck and happiness for the upcoming year. The flowering branches are also seen as symbols of life, renewal, and the coming of spring, despite the cold winter weather.

Celebrations for miners and builders
  • St. Barbara is the patron saint of miners, builders, and those who work in hazardous professions. As a result, in mining regions like Bohemia and Moravia, special church services and festive events are held to honor these workers. Miners traditionally celebrate the day by offering prayers to St. Barbara, asking for protection during the year’s work.
ST. NICOLAS (SV. MIKULÁŠ)
St. Nicholas Day (Mikuláš), celebrated on December 6th, is one of the most beloved and widely observed holidays in the Czech Republic, particularly for children. The celebration revolves around St. Nicholas, the Angel, and the Devil, with customs that mix Christian traditions, folklore, and fun. The holiday is not only about honoring St. Nicholas but also celebrating a time of giving, playfulness, and lightheartedness during the Advent season.

The St. Nicholas procession (Mikulášská družina)
  • On the evening of December 5th (the night before St. Nicholas Day), groups of St. Nicholas, the Angel, and the Devil (called čert) go from house to house, particularly in towns and villages, to visit children. The group typically consists of three figures:
  • St. Nicholas is portrayed as a kind, elderly man dressed in a bishop’s robe, holding a crosier and often wearing a mitre.
  • The Angel represents goodness and is often a young woman dressed in white with wings, symbolizing purity and kindness.
  • The Devil (Čert) is a mischievous figure, often dressed in a dark, scary costume with horns, a tail, and a loud voice.

The trio knocks on doors to surprise children with gifts, jokes, and sometimes light-hearted “punishments” or “scoldings” for being naughty.
Gifts for good children (Mikuláš's gifts)
  • If children have been good, they are rewarded with small gifts, sweets, and fruit—often chocolates, nuts, or candied fruit. The Angel or St. Nicholas will often offer these gifts along with kind words of encouragement.
  • These bags of treats are typically tied up in small cloth sacks or baskets. The tradition of giving gifts is linked to the historical practice of St. Nicholas being a gift-giver to the poor, especially to children in need.

Naughty children: The Devil's role
  • If children have misbehaved during the year, the Devil warns them about their behavior, and they may be given a small piece of coal or rotten potatoes. While the "punishments" are symbolic and playful, they add an element of humor and fun to the holiday.

Reciting poems or singing songs
  • In the Czech Republic, it is common for children to recite poems, sing carols, or perform small tasks (such as playing the piano or telling a joke) to earn their gifts from St. Nicholas and the Angel. The tradition encourages children to show gratitude for their gifts and to display their good behavior in a fun and creative way.
24.12.-26.12. CHRISTMAS (VÁNOCE)
Everything that you dreamed of can be brought to life exactly at the moment when you decide to win.
TIME BEFORE 24 DECEMBER

Christmas cookies (Vánoční cukroví)
  • In the weeks leading up to Christmas, Czechs often bake a variety of traditional Christmas cookies (vánoční cukroví). These might include vanilkové rohlíčky (vanilla crescent cookies), trubičky (wafer rolls filled with cream), and linecké (linzer cookies filled with jam). Sharing these cookies with friends, family, and neighbors is an important part of the Christmas spirit.

Christmas decorations
  • The Christmas tree is typically decorated on Christmas Eve before the evening meal. The tree is adorned with candles (nowadays usually electric), baubles, and tinsel. Many trees are also decorated with traditional Czech ornaments, including handmade glass baubles and straw decorations.
  • Many families have a nativity scene (betlém) to display during the Christmas season. These scenes represent the birth of Jesus and can range from simple figures to elaborate, intricate models, often featuring Czech village life.

Christmas Eve (Štědrý den) - December 24th
  • Christmas Eve Dinner (Štědrovečerní večeře): The most important meal of Czech Christmas celebrations happens on Christmas Eve. Traditionally, families gather for a vegetarian dinner, which usually includes:

  • Fish soup (Rybí polévka): A fish-based soup made from carp or other fish.
  • Fried carp (Smažený kapr): Fried carp, which is often considered the main dish of the evening.
  • Potato salad (Bramborový salát): A creamy potato salad made with potatoes, peas, carrots, and mayonnaise.
  • Other dishes: Sometimes, dishes like vánočka (braided sweet bread), kapr (carp), and various pickled vegetables are served.

  • The tradition of the golden pig means that no one in the family is allowed to eat before the first star appears in the sky. Afterward, when the star is visible, families can finally sit down to the festive meal. If someone sees the first star, it is said they will be blessed with prosperity in the coming year.
  • After the meal, many families leave an empty place at the table for Jesus Christ, symbolizing the spirit of welcome and hospitality. Some also cut an apple to check for a star-shaped core, symbolizing good luck.
  • Gift-giving occurs after dinner, usually after the Christmas Eve meal. Gifts are exchanged, and children may find presents under the tree or receive surprise gifts from their parents or from Baby Jesus (Dítě Ježíš).


Christmas Day (Boží hod vánoční) - December 25th
  • Christmas Day is a more relaxed holiday compared to Christmas Eve, with many families gathering to enjoy a more festive meal. Traditional Christmas Day food includes roast pork, sausages, sauerkraut, sauces, and various sweets like trdelník (a sweet pastry) and vánoční cukroví (Christmas cookies).
  • Christmas Day is also a time for visiting family members, especially older relatives. In rural areas, it is common to visit neighbors and relatives to exchange well wishes and spend time together.

Christmas carols (Koledy)
  • Czech Christmas celebrations are filled with Christmas carols. It is common for families to sing traditional koledy, especially during Christmas Eve and throughout the Advent period. Famous carols like "Tichá noc" ("Silent Night") and "Narodil se Kristus Pán" ("Christ the Lord Is Born") are often sung around the table or at church services.

St. Stephen's Day (Štěpán) - December 26th
  • St. Stephen's Day is a national holiday in the Czech Republic, and it is often a day to relax and visit more relatives. Some families go sledding or enjoy the outdoors, especially if it has snowed. It’s also a time for leftover meals from Christmas Eve and Christmas Day feasts.
BEER CULTURE
Czechia is known as the "beer capital" of the world, with brewing traditions dating back to the 10th century.
Beer culture in the Czech Republic is an essential part of the national identity, intertwined with centuries of tradition, craftsmanship, and social life. The Czech Republic boasts one of the highest per capita beer consumptions in the world, and the beverage plays a significant role in the social fabric of the country. Beer is more than just a drink—it's a symbol of the Czech way of life, enjoyed in both casual and ceremonial contexts. Here's an exploration of Czech beer culture, its historical roots, and its modern-day significance.

The role of beer in Czech social life
Beer is deeply ingrained in Czech culture as an integral part of everyday life. It is consumed across different social settings, whether at a beer garden, in a pub (known as a hospoda), or during special family and holiday gatherings.

  • Hospoda (Pubs)
The local pub, or hospoda, is a cornerstone of Czech social life. Pubs serve as gathering places where people meet after work, share a drink, and enjoy hearty conversation. The pub is a place where friends, colleagues, and even strangers come together, creating a sense of community. The warm, inviting atmosphere of the pub is central to the Czech experience, and it remains a favored setting for enjoying a cold beer.

  • Beer gardens
In the warmer months, Czech towns and cities are filled with bustling beer gardens, where people sit under trees, enjoying beers alongside traditional Czech foods, such as sausages, schnitzels, and pickled cheeses. Beer gardens are common meeting points for friends and families, and they offer a relaxing space to unwind and socialize.

  • Beer culture in celebrations
Beer is often part of various cultural events, festivals, and even weddings. The Czech Beer Festival in Prague, held every May, celebrates this rich tradition with hundreds of different types of beer, representing the full range of styles from Czech breweries. St. Wenceslas Day (September 28) and other holidays also feature festive beer consumption, where locals toast to their heritage and enjoy the bonds of camaraderie.

ART AND FOLKLORE
Czech music
Czech music is a cornerstone of the nation’s cultural identity, reflecting its history, values, and artistic spirit. Spanning classical compositions, folk traditions, and modern genres, Czech music has enriched both national and global music scenes.

Czech music as a national identity
Music has played a pivotal role in Czech history, particularly during periods of foreign rule and national awakening. Composers and musicians often used their art to preserve Czech culture, express resistance, and inspire unity. Today, Czech music continues to serve as a source of national pride and cultural diplomacy.

Classical music heritage
Czechia has produced some of the most renowned composers in history, whose works continue to inspire musicians worldwide.


Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904)
  • Known for his "New World Symphony", Dvořák drew inspiration from Czech folk melodies and American spirituals.
  • His works, such as "Slavonic Dances", celebrate Slavic heritage with vibrant rhythms and evocative themes.
Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884)
  • Regarded as the father of Czech music, Smetana’s compositions express national pride.
  • His symphonic poem cycle "Má vlast" (My Homeland) includes the iconic "Vltava", which vividly depicts the river Moldau flowing through Czech landscapes.
Leoš Janáček (1854–1928)
  • Janáček incorporated Moravian and Slavic folk music into his operas and orchestral works.
  • His opera "Jenůfa" is celebrated for its emotional depth and authentic portrayal of rural life.
Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959)
  • A 20th-century composer blending Czech folk elements with modernist techniques.
  • Martinů’s work spans symphonies, operas, and chamber music, including his notable opera "Julietta".


Folk music and traditions
Folk music is deeply rooted in Czech culture, particularly in the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia.
Folk instruments
  • The cimbalom (a hammered dulcimer) and violin are central to Czech folk ensembles.
  • Other traditional instruments include bagpipes, flutes, and accordion.
Themes and style
  • Czech folk music often conveys themes of love, nature, and rural life.
  • Characterized by lively rhythms, melodic improvisation, and danceable forms, such as the polka and furiant.
Folk costumes and dance
  • Music is performed during festivals and celebrations, accompanied by dancers in traditional costumes that reflect regional styles.


Modern music

Czechia has embraced modern genres while preserving its classical and folk traditions.
Jazz and swing
  • Jazz gained popularity in the early 20th century, with Prague becoming a hub for innovative performances.
  • The genre thrived during the First Republic (1918–1938) and saw a resurgence during the Velvet Revolution as a symbol of freedom.

Rock and pop
  • Czech rock bands like The Plastic People of the Universe became symbols of resistance during the Communist era.
  • Modern pop artists, such as Karel Gott, gained fame for their contributions to the Czech and international music scenes.

National music festivals
Czechia hosts numerous festivals celebrating its rich musical heritage:
  • Prague Spring International Music Festival: A prestigious classical music festival held annually in Prague, showcasing international orchestras and soloists.
  • Colours of Ostrava: A multi-genre festival blending contemporary music with Czech traditions.
  • Folklore Festivals: Events like the Strážnice International Folklore Festival highlight traditional Czech and Moravian music and dance.
Czech literature
Czech literature is a profound reflection of the country's history, cultural identity, and struggles for independence. Spanning centuries, it encompasses medieval chronicles, poetic works of the Czech National Revival, and modernist masterpieces that resonate with readers worldwide.
EARLY CZECH LITERATURE
"The Chronicle of Dalimil" (1314): A significant historical account written in Old Czech, emphasizing national pride and history.
Religious Texts: The Czech Bible translation (the Kralice Bible, 1579–1593) played a vital role in preserving the Czech language during religious and cultural oppression.

Jan Hus (1369–1415)
A theologian and reformer whose writings, sermons, and hymns challenged the Catholic Church and laid the groundwork for the Hussite movement.
Hus’s works were pivotal in shaping early Czech prose.


THE CZECH NATIONAL REVIVAL (18TH–19TH CENTURY)
The National Revival period saw a resurgence of interest in Czech culture and language, which had been suppressed under Habsburg rule.
Josef Dobrovský: A linguist who standardized Czech grammar and initiated the revival of Czech literature.

Josef Jungmann: A poet and translator who enriched the Czech language by introducing new vocabulary through his translations.
Karel Hynek Mácha (1810–1836)
  • Known as the father of Czech Romanticism.
  • His masterpiece, "Máj" (May), is a lyrical epic exploring themes of love, nature, and existential despair.

Božena Němcová (1820–1862)
Often called the mother of Czech prose, Němcová’s novel "Babička" (The Grandmother) paints an idyllic portrait of rural life and the Czech spirit.

20TH-CENTURY CZECH LITERATURE
The early 20th century witnessed the rise of modernist and avant-garde movements, with Czech writers experimenting with themes, styles, and forms.

Franz Kafka (1883–1924)
  • Born in Prague, Kafka’s existential and surrealist works, such as "The Trial" and "The Metamorphosis", are internationally acclaimed.
  • Though he wrote in German, Kafka’s experiences in Prague deeply influenced his work.

Karel Čapek (1890–1938)
  • A pioneer of science fiction, Čapek’s play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots) introduced the word "robot" to the world.
  • His novels, including "War with the Newts", explore ethical dilemmas and social issues.
LITERATURE DURING COMMUNISM (1948–1989)
Under Communist rule, censorship significantly shaped Czech literature. Writers responded by adopting either allegorical storytelling or underground samizdat publishing.

Milan Kundera (1929–Present)
  • Kundera’s novels, such as "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", blend philosophy, politics, and human intimacy.
  • His works critique totalitarianism and explore themes of identity and memory.

Vaclav Havel (1936–2011)
  • A playwright and dissident who later became the first President of the Czech Republic.
  • Havel’s absurdist plays, like "The Garden Party", challenge authoritarian regimes and examine human conformity.

POST-COMMUNIST AND CONTEMPORARY CZECH LITERATURE
With the fall of Communism in 1989, Czech literature experienced newfound freedom, exploring a variety of genres and themes.
  • Petra Hůlová: Known for her novel "All This Belongs to Me", which examines life in post-Communist Mongolia.
  • Jaroslav Rudiš: His works, including "National Avenue", delve into the complexities of modern Czech society.
  • Kateřina Tučková: Her novel "The Žítková Goddesses" explores folklore, history, and female resilience.